Heart-related conditions (e.g., heart failure)): When the heart cannot pump efficiently, blood can back up in the veins, causing fluid to leak into surrounding tissues, especially in the legs.

Kidney disorders: Reduced kidney function affects the body’s ability to remove excess salt and water, leading to fluid retention and swelling

Chronic venous insufficiency (weak leg veins): Damaged vein valves allow blood to pool in the lower legs, increasing pressure and causing swelling over time. Pregnancy Hormonal changes and pressure from the growing uterus slow blood flow from the lower body, often leading to temporary swelling. Prolonged sitting or standing Staying in one position for long periods reduces circulation, allowing fluid to collect in the lower extremities. Obesity Excess body weight increases pressure on veins and reduces effective circulation, making fluid buildup more likely. Certain medications (e.g., some blood pressure drugs, steroids) Some medicines can cause the body to retain salt and water or affect circulation, leading to swelling.